Which features are part of the A321's long-range navigation support?

• A. All of the above
• B. LNAV/VNAV guidance
• C. GPS integration
• D. IRS alignment for en route navigation

Answer: (A)

Long-range navigation on the A321 relies on a combination of systems that maintain accurate position and guide the aircraft over extended routes. LNAV/VNAV guidance provides automated path following in the cockpit, giving lateral navigation and vertical profile guidance from the flight management system to keep you on the assigned route and altitude constraints. GPS integration adds satellite-based position data, boosting accuracy and reliability for en route navigation and updates, especially in areas where inertial data might be less precise on its own. IRS alignment for en route navigation establishes the inertial reference framework the aircraft uses to determine position and attitude, a prerequisite for dependable navigation data, particularly during the initial phase or when other inputs are being updated.

All of these elements work together to support robust long-range navigation on the A321.